The strikes hit cities across the country, including the capital Kyiv.
Ukrainian officials said schools, a maternity hospital, shopping arcades and blocks of flats were among the buildings hit in the barrage.
Russian missiles passed through Polish airspace on their route to their targets, sparking international anger.
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky responded: “We will surely respond to terrorist strikes.
“And we will continue to fight for the security of our entire country, every city, and every citizen. Russian terror must and will lose.”
On X, he added: “Today, Russia used nearly every type of weapon in its arsenal.”
Ukrainian Air force spokesman Yurii Ihnat told AFP that this was a “record number” of missiles and “the most massive missile attack” of the war, excluding the early days of constant bombardment.
NATO secretary-general Jens Stoltenberg also said: “I spoke with President Andrzej Duda about the missile incident in Poland.
“NATO stands in solidarity with our valued ally, is monitoring the situation and we will remain in contact as the facts are established. NATO remains vigilant.”
Russian charge d’affaires in Poland, Andrei Ordash, defended Moscow after being summoned by the government in Warsaw.
He said: “I was handed a note which contained an unsubstantiated claim that allegedly on the morning of 29 December, an airborne object violated Polish airspace, which Polish specialists identified as a Russian guided missile,
“No proof was presented. My request for documented proof of what was in the note was refused.”
